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From Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications VOL. 5 NO. 1 Palestinian-Arab Media Frames and Stereotypes of Israeli-Jews
By Katy Steele
Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications
2014, Vol. 5 No. 1 | pg. 3/4 | « »
The six topics reflect the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that media stories highlighted, while the frames provide a more detailed explanation of a specific aspect of each topic. It should be noted that each article does contain multiple topics and frames. This is due to the complexity of the conflict in each story, which can be interpreted in a multi-dimensional way. As the author read each article, she identified frames while making a detailed mark. Rather than just marking a tally every time a frame appeared, she noted the frame’s occurrence along with descriptive words or phrases that triggered the identification of that frame. For example, in one article from Ma’an News Agency, the phrase “[Palestinians] shot on site by the Israeli Army” triggered the researcher to note the presence of the Military violence frame. For another example, a reference to “the rogue State of Israel” indicated the presence of the Occupiers/Colonizer frame, and earned one mark for the corresponding frame and topic. A simple frequency count for each topic and frame is shown in Table 2.
This study found that the existing literature accurately matches the stereotypes that are portrayed in Palestinian media, which perpetuate these stereotypical images in editorials, opinion pieces and news analysis stories. The “Land Rights” topic was the most prevalent out of the six major topics identified. Four individual media frames stuck out as being the most prevalent: (1) Dominance; followed by (2) Inhumane and (3) Military violence; and lastly, (4) the True victim. These frames offer insight into the Palestinian-Arabs’ attitudes toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Israeli-Jews. As seen in the literature on common Israeli-Jewish stereotypes, the Israeli Army is the basis of the Palestinian’s stereotype of the Israeli-Jews, and the fight to claim the role of the true victim is emphasized.
The fact that “Land Rights” was the most common topic confirms Seidel’s argument that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is much more a secular conflict over territory than it is a clash of religions, cultures or civilizations.53 This finding suggests that the current driving force behind the conflict is a fight of ownership over a disputed territory. The “Dominance” frame, which falls under this topic, was used the most out of all eighteen frames (53.3% of 30 articles). Stories using the “Dominance” frame depicted the Israeli-Jews as power-hungry, greedy and self-serving at the cost of others, namely, the Palestinians. Dominance was most often expressed in terms of domineering land and unjustly building Israeli settlements. One article said that Israel was “devouring” the Palestinian state with “an orgy of settlement building.”54 Palestinians were commonly described as “reclaiming” and “defending ” their right to the land, while Israel was often described as “confiscating,” “seizing,” “razing,” or “stealing” the Palestinians’ land. Israel’s state system was also described as a faulty, hypocritical, or false democracy.55 The state system was portrayed as against Palestinians in a zero-sum game, as in one article, which wrote, “Israel exploits cheap Palestinian labor force that benefits the Israeli economy and crushes the Palestinian economy.”56
| Land Rights (48, 35.0%)* |
Violence (30, 21.9%) |
Miscellaneous (18, 13.1%) |
Palestinian Unity (16, 11.7%) |
Finger pointing (14, 10.2%) |
Values (11, 8.0%) |
| Dominance (power-hungry, greedy) (16, 53.3%) Occupiers/Colonizers (12, 40.0%) Aliens (immigrants, trespassers) (5, 16.7%) Apartheid (5, 16.7%) Zionists (10, 33.3%) |
Inhumane acts (merciless) (14, 46.7%) Military violence (14, 46.7%) Aggression (exaggerated intention, destruction) (6, 20.0%) Human rights abuses (10, 33.3%) |
Admiration/Envy (3, 10.0%) Anti-Semitism (2, 6.7%) True victim (13, 43.3%) |
Rally for Palestinian solidarity (12, 40.0%) Romanticizing Palestine (4, 13.3%) |
Blame for peace failure (10, 33.3%) Poor Israeli leadership (4, 13.3%) |
Religious undertones (5, 16.7%) Western puppets (6, 20.0%) |
Notes: *Numbers refer to the count of frames employed under each topic and its percentage out of a total of 137 frames the six topics covered. Each article may have multiple frames.
Forty percent of the articles (12 out of 30 articles) also employed the Occupier/Colonizer frame using key words like “liberation” and “colonialism.” One article made reference to “the scar of occupation,”57 another to a “colonial-style divide-and-rule policy designed to oppress Palestinians,”58 and yet another to the “rogue State of Israel.”59 About Seventeen percent of the articles framed Israeli-Jews as aliens, outsiders, immigrants or trespassers. One article stated that Israel was “artificially created” by “invading aliens of Zionist settlers.”60 This study found a stereotype that was not detected through the literature review: a comparison of the Israeli state to apartheid South Africa. This frame, which appeared in five of the sample articles, was often tied to the phrase “racial supremacist.”
The next most prevalent topic was violence (21.9%), which has four frames. The “Inhumane acts” and “Military violence” frames each appeared in 46.7 percent of all articles. These frames confirm Shipler’s characterization of the stereotype of the Israeli-Jew, for which he aptly names a chapter in his book, “The Violent, Craven Jew.” The most common pattern involved stories on acts of violence committed by the Israeli military. Words used in relation to the Israeli military included “harassed,” “raided,” “targeted,” “brutality,” “vicious,” and “lethal.” One article pertained to Israel’s “hugely lucrative arms and security industries” as “warporn” and “hard core evil” that is “tested on Palestinian populations” by “Israeli killers.”61
Another commonality was tying Israeli-Jews to acts of inhumane violence, many times, acts connected with the Israeli military. The most common phrase used along this line was “ethnic cleansing,” and an overarching pattern was a portrayal of Israeli-Jews as ruthless, merciless killing machines. This pattern was often noted from stories detailing acts of violence committed against children. For example, one article discussed a 6-year-old boy in a Palestinian refugee camp who lost one of his eyes to a rubber-coated bullet fired by the Israeli military. The author of this article wrote, “you make me drink heartbreak and bitterness, and you don’t even have mercy on my children”62 Another article described Israeli military threatening children with rape or genital injury, as well as Israeli soldiers using Palestinian children as “human shields.”63 Although the stories mostly attributed the actual acts of violence to the Israeli military, Palestinian-Arab’s often apply the stereotype of the Israeli-Jew as violent and inhumane to the entire Jewish population. This confirms the literature’s definition of stereotypes as “reduce[ing] people to a few, simple, essential characteristics, which are represented as fixed by nature.”64 Using children again as an example, one article extended the military’s discrimination against Palestinian children to all of Israel: “When it comes to Palestinian children,” the article said, “Israel discriminates against them all.”65 Thus, this study affirms that Palestinians’ perception of Israeli-Jews is vastly influenced by the Israeli military.
Another common pattern that should be noted for appearing frequently in the “Inhumane” frame is a comparison of modern-day Israel to Nazi Germany. The word “genocide” was used several times in this frame, and the Israeli Security Agency was compared to heads of Hitler’s Gestapo.66 One article addressed the criticism that comparing Israel to Nazi Germany is anti-Semitic, by arguing “where parallels can be made, is it not right that they should be?”67
The “True victim” frame, which belongs to the topic of Miscellaneous, emerged as the fourth most prevalent by appearing in 43.3 percent of the articles. In order to win the battle of being the true victim, Shipler says one side must “create a picture of the enemy as a huge monster.”68 The stories under this frame did this by casting Palestinians as innocent bystanders who had been attacked by Israeli-Jewish aggressors. Frequently stories emphasized Palestinian suffering in order to arouse pity and sympathy for the Palestinian cause and incite anger at the Israeli-Jews. Many articles cited Palestinians as “unarmed protestors,” including one that details the account of a rural Palestinian man returning home from work after selling vegetables all day. The article wrote that the Israeli military had opened fire on the man’s village when he was just standing there with his donkey and his cart in the middle of the chaos. The article put it this way, “They [the Palestinians] weren’t fighters, they didn’t have weapons, and they were just coming home from work.”69 Still another story described a woman who needed to take her 6-year-old son to the hospital but was held up at an Israeli-Jewish checkpoint for so long that the her son died in her arms.70 Still another story related the account of a 17-year-old Palestinian boy who was shot by Israeli military on the way to picking up his birthday cake.71 Several articles using the “True victim” frame portrayed the Palestinian people as abandoned by the international community using words like “helpless” and “alone.”
Many of the frames can ultimately be tied back to the idea of victimhood, as the Palestinians are ultimately aiming to be the “true victims” of the conflict. For example, in the political realm, the “Blame for peace failure” and “Poor Israeli leadership” frames under the topic of “Finger Pointing” depict Israel as sluggish, stubborn and incompetent, making Palestinian leadership victims of an unwilling peace partner.
Two other topics were detected: “Palestinian Unity” emerged as the fourth prevalent topic (11.7%), while “Values” was the least prevalent topic as it upholds Arab religious and cultural beliefs over a clash of values (8.0%).Continued on Next Page »
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Jeremy Ginges, et al. “Foreign Wars and Domestic Prejudice: How Media Exposure to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Predicts Ethnic Stereotyping by Jewish and Arab American Adolescents.” Journal Of Research On Adolescence (Wiley-Blackwell) 22, no. 3 (September 2012): 556-570.
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Lindholm-Schulz, H. The Palestinian diaspora: formation of identities and politics of homeland. London: Routledge, 2003.
Qeimari, Ala. “Israeli Media: Serving the “Patriotic” Cause.” Palestine-Israel Journal Of Politics, Economics & Culture 10, no. 2 (June 2003): 23.
Ronen, Gil. “Report: Hamas and Fatah ‘Agree on Unity,’ Israel National News, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/175248#.UrIF2TnA5Hy (accessed on December 17, 2013).
Seidel, Timothy. “Development, Religion, and Modernity in Palestine-Israel Development, Religion, and Modernity in Palestine-Israel.” Cross Currents 62, no. 4 (December 2012): 424-441.
Shipler, David K. Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land. New York: Penguin Group, 2002.
Sloan, WM. David, and Lisa Mullikan Parcell. Media Bias: Finding It, Fixing It. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002.
Suchet, Melanie. “Face to Face.” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 20, no. 2 (March 2010): 158-171.
Tuchman, Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press, 1978.
Appendix: List of News Accounts
Al Ghussain, Alia. “Israeli occupation leaves psychological not just physical scars.” The Electronic Intifada. September 11, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/israeli-occupation-leaves-psychological-notjust- physical-scars/12759 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Al-Shabaka. “Analysis: Can Oslo’s failed aid model be laid to rest?” Ma’an News Agency. November 2, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=643596 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Alsaafin, Linah. “Resist Israel’s unjust system, don’t operate within it.” The Electronic Intifada.” September 7, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/resist-israels-unjust-system-dont-operate-within-it/12751 (accessed November 10, 2013).
Baroud, Ramzy. “Ramallah, Gaza and the Palestinian identity crisis.” Ma’an News Agency. September 14, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=629688 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Collins, Dylan. “Six-year-old loses eye from bullets Israel promised to phase out.” The Electronic Intifada. October 7, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/six-year-old-loses-eye-bullets-israel-promisedphase-out/12830 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Cook, Jonathon. “Even the World Bank Understands: Palestine is Being Disappeared.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 17, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/even-the-world-bank-understandspalestine-is-being-disappeared/#.UoOo8znA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Cook, Jonathan. “Talking Nonsense about Apartheid: How Come Uri Avnery Knows So Little about Israel?” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 28, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/talking-nonsenseabout-apartheid-how-come-uri-avnery-knows-so-little-about-israel/#.Un5rBTnA5Hw (accessed November 13, 2013).
Cook, Jonathan. “Whatever Happened to Peace Talks? Israel Gets Building While Negotiations Go Nowhere.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 31, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/whatever-happenedto-peace-talks-israel-gets-building-while-negotiations-go-nowhere/#.UoOnYjnA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Cotto, Joseph. “Israel and the Dangers of Ethnic Nationalism: An Interview with Jonathan Cook.” The Palestinian Chronicle. November 7, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/israel-and-the-dangers-ofethnic-nationalism-an-interview-with-jonathan-cook/#.UoOm_jnA5Hx (accessed November 13).
Forer, Richard. “A Jewish journey towards compassion in Israel-Palestine.” Ma’an News Agency. October 8, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=636825 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Gordon, Neve. “High Court Rules: It is Impossible to Be Israeli.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 21, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/high-court-rules-it-is-impossible-to-be-israeli/#.UoOouTnA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Hassan, Youssef Budour. “Israel’s killing of five young Palestinians exposes ‘peace’ talks as charade.” The Electronic Intifada. September 24, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-killing-five-youngpalestinians-exposes-peace-talks-charade/12797 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Hassan, Youssef Budour. “The second intifada put holes in Israel’s wall of fear.” The Electronic Intifada. October 4, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/second-intifada-put-holes-israels-wall-fear/12826 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Kassis, Rifat Odeh. “Equal laws, discriminatory practice: the plight of Jerusalem children.” Ma’an News Agency. October 29, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=642347 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Khalilieh, Suhail. “20 years of Oslo: Maybe the best thing to happen to Palestinians.” Ma’an News Agency. September 18, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=631016 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Kuttab, Daoud. “Netanyahu attacks Iran rather than face the Palestinian issue.” Ma’an News Agency. October 3, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=635574 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Kuttab, Daoud. “Jerusalem elections boycott sends ‘strong’ statement to Israel.” Ma’an News Agency. October 25, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=641102 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Lahham, Nasser. “Editorial: Oslo is dead, long live Palestine.” Ma’an News Agency. September 14, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=629718 (accessed November 13).
Louis, Zarah. “Containment of Holocaust Education: Lessons Unlearned.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 25, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/containment-of-holocaust-education-lessons-unlearned/#. UoOoTznA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Nadim, Nashef. “Palestinian youth assert right of return with direct action.” The Electronic Intifada. September 11, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/israeli-occupation-leaves-psychological-not-just-physical-scars/12759 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Nasser, Nicola. “Drying up Ideological Wellsprings of Arab-Israeli Conflict.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 30, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/drying-up-ideological-wellsprings-of-arab-israeli-conflict/#. UoOnyznA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Qumsiyeh, Mazin. “Palestinians do have options for change and resistance.” Ma’an News Agency. October 6, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=636397 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Pappe, Iian. “Reclaiming Judaism from Zionism.” The Electronic Intifada. October 18, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/reclaiming-judaism-zionism/12859 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Persson, Anders. “New EU settlements guidelines already biting.” Ma’an News Agency. September 10, 2013. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=637350 (accessed November 13).
Sheen, David. “Video: Israeli crowd cheers as Africans called ‘slaves.’” The Electronic Intifada. October 8, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/video-israeli-crowd-cheers-africans-called-slaves/12833 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Strickland, Patrick O. “We’ll never forget October 1956 massacre, say Palestinians in Israel.” The Electronic Intifada. October 29, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/well-never-forget-october-1956-massacre-say-palestinians-israel/12883 (accessed November 13).
Strickland, Patrick O. “Palestinian lawyer faces Israeli jail for ‘organizing demonstrations.’” The Electronic Intifada. October 31, 2013. http://electronicintifada.net/content/palestinian-lawyer-faces-israeli-jailorganizing-demonstrations/12886 (accessed November 13, 2013).
Vlazna, Vacy. “The Gatekeepers: Locking in Palestinians as Terrorists.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 4, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/the-gatekeepers-locking-in-palestinians-as-terrorists/#. UoOpdDnA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Vlazna, Vacy. “Israelis Turning Blood into Money: The Lab Review.” The Palestinian Chronicle. October 16, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/israelis-turning-blood-into-money-the-lab-review/#.UoOpNDnA5Hx (accessed November 13, 2013).
Whitbeck, John V. “Palestine: Give Democracy A Chance.” The Palestinian Chronicle. September 24, 2013. http://www.palestinechronicle.com/palestine-give-democracy-a-chance/#.UoOp8jnA5Hx
Endnotes
- David Shipler, Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land (London: Times Books, 1986), 166.
- Ibid., 165-166.
- Ibid., 184.
- Ibid., 186.
- Ibid., 187.
- Mohammed Daraghmeh, “Effects of the Conflict on the Palestinian Media,” Palestine-Israel Journal Of Politics, Economics & Culture 10.2 (June 2003).
- Timothy Siedel, “Development, Religion, and Modernity in Palestine-Israel Development, Religion, and Modernity in Palestine-Israel,” Cross Currents 62.4 (December 2012): 424-441.
- Shipler, Arab and Jew, 232.
- Ibid., 233.
- Ibid., 231.
- "Can Muslims Accept Israel in Their Midst?" American Foreign Policy Interests 33.4 (July 2011): 178-184.
- Shipler, Arab and Jew, 165-231.
- Ala Qeimari, “Israeli Media: Serving the ‘Patriotic’ Cause,” Palestine-Israel Journal Of Politics, Economics & Culture 10.2 (June 2003): 23.
- Shipler, Arab and Jew, 228.
- Ibid., 170.
- Anat First, “Are They Still the Enemy? The Representation of Arabs in Israeli Television News,” in Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the ‘Other,’ ed. Tudor Parfitt with Yulia Egorova, (New York, 2004), 190..
- B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991).
- First, Are They Still the Enemy?, 190.
- Stuart Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other,’” in Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall (London: Sage Publications, 1994), 267.
- Ibid.
- Melanie Suchet, “Face to Face,” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 20.2 (March 2010): 158-171.
- Richard Landes, “Edward Said and the Culture of Honour and Shame: Orientalism and Our Misperceptions of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” Israel Affairs 13.4 (October 2007): 844-858.
- Ibid.
- Suchet, “Face to Face,” 164.
- Ibid., 165.
- Ibid., 164.
- H. Lindholm-Schulz, The Palestinian diaspora: formation of identities and politics of homeland (London:Routledge, 2003).
- Beverley Butler,”’Othering’ the archive - from exile to inclusion and heritage dignity: the case of Palestinian archival memory,” Archival Science 9.1 (2009), p. 64.
- Ibid., 60.
- Ibid., 61.
- Ariella Azoulay, Aliniut mekhonenet 1947-1950: Geneologiyah hazulit shelmishtar ve-kafikhat ha-ason le- ”ason mi-nekudat mabatam” (Tel Aviv, 2009).
- Cohen, Adoni, Bantz, Social Conflicts and Television News; A.A. Cohen, G. Wolfsfeld, Framing Intifada: People and Media, Norwood, NJ, 1993; Liebes, Reporting the Arab-Iraeli Conflict; Wolfsfeld, Media and Political Conflict.
- E. Avraham, Media and Social Construction of Reality: The Coverage of Settlements in Marginal Areas in National Newspapers, Thesis accepted for the Doctor of Philosophy degree (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1998).
- Robert M. Entman, “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power.” Journal Of Communication 57.1 (March 2007): 163-173.
- First, “Are They Still the Enemy?,” 209.
- Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (New York: Free Press, 1978), 193.
- Neve Gordon, “A Villa in the Jungle: The Arab Awakening through the Lens of the Israeli Media,” Middle East Law & Governance (February 2011): 105-117.
- Shamir Herzog, ‘Negotiated Society? Media Discourse on Israeli Jewish/Arab Relations’ Israel Social Science Review, 9.18 (1994) 55-88.
- First, “Are They Still the Enemy?” 195.
- Matt Evans, “Framing International Conflicts: Media coverage of fighting in the Middle East,” International Journal Of Media & Cultural Politics 6.2 (September 2010): 209-233.
- Ibid.
- Jeremy Ginges, et al. “Foreign Wars and Domestic Prejudice: How Media Exposure to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Predicts Ethnic Stereotyping by Jewish and Arab American Adolescents,” Journal Of Research On Adolescence (Wiley-Blackwell) 22.3 (September 2012): 556-570.
- Ibid., 560.
- “About Electronic Intifada,” Electronic Intifada About Page, http://electronicintifada.net/about-ei (November 7, 2013).
- WM. David Sloan, and Lisa Mullikan Parcell, Media Bias: Finding It, Fixing It, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002), 14.
- Ibid.
- Gil Ronen, “Report: Hamas and Fatah ‘Agree on Unity,’ Israel National News, http://www.israelnationalnews. com/News/News.aspx/175248#.UrIF2TnA5Hy (December 17, 2013).
- “About Us Ma’an News Agency,” Ma’an News Agency About Us Page. http://www.maannews.net/eng/View-Content.aspx?PAGE=AboutUs (November 7, 2013).
- “Danida,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs Denmark, http://ramallah.um.dk/en/danida-en/ (December 18, 2013).
- “About Palestinian Chronicle,” The Palestinian Chronicle About Page, http://www.palestinechronicle.com/about/ (November 7, 2013).
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Siedel, “Development, Religion, and Modernity,” 424-441.
- Jonathan Cook, “Whatever Happened to Peace Talks? Israel Gets Building While Negotiations Go Nowhere,” The Palestinian Chronicle, October 31, 2013.
- Rifat Odeh Kassis, “Equal laws, discriminatory practice: the plight of Jerusalem children,” Ma’an News Agency, October 29, 2013.
- Joseph Cotto,“Israel and the Dangers of Ethnic Nationalism: An Interview with Jonathan Cook,” The Palestinian Chronicle, November 7, 2013.
- Alia Al Ghussain, “Israeli occupation leaves psychological not just physical scars,” The Electronic Intifada, September 11, 2013.
- Jonathan Cook, “Talking Nonsense about Apartheid: How Come Uri Avnery Knows So Little about Israel?” The Palestinian Chronicle, October 28, 2013.
- Vacy Vlazna, “The Gatekeepers: Locking in Palestinians as Terrorists,” The Palestinian Chronicle, October 4, 2013.
- Nicola Nasser, “Drying up Ideological Wellsprings of Arab-Israeli Conflict,” The Palestinian Chronicle, October 30, 2013.
- Vacy Vlazna, “Israelis Turning Blood into Money: The Lab Review,” The Palestinian Chronicle, October 16, 2013.
- Iian Pappe, “Reclaiming Judaism from Zionism,” The Electronic Intifada, October 18, 2013.
- Dylan Collins, “Six-year-old loses eye from bullets Israel promised to phase out,” The Electronic Intifada, October 7, 2013.
- S. Hall, ‘The Spectacle of the “Other”’ in S. Hall, ed., Representation, p. 257
- Rifat Odeh Kassis, “Equal laws, discriminatory practice: the plight of Jerusalem children,” Ma’an News Agency, October 29, 2013.
- Ramzy Baroud, “Ramallah, Gaza and the Palestinian identity crisis,” Ma’an News Agency, September 14, 2013.
- Al-Shabaka, “Analysis: Can Oslo’s failed aid model be laid to rest?” Ma’an News Agency, November 2, 2013.
- Shipler, Arab and Jew, 166.
- David Sheen, “Video: Israeli crowd cheers as Africans called ‘slaves,’” The Electronic Intifada, October 8, 2013.
- Alia Al Ghussain, “Israeli occupation leaves psychological not just physical scars,” The Electronic Intifada, September 11, 2013.
- Vacy Vlazna, “The Gatekeepers: Locking in Palestinians as Terrorists,” The Palestinian Chronicle, October 4, 2013.
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APA 6th
Steele, K. (2014). "Palestinian-Arab Media Frames and Stereotypes of Israeli-Jews." Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 5(1). Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=972
MLA
Steele, Katy. "Palestinian-Arab Media Frames and Stereotypes of Israeli-Jews." Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 5.1 (2014). <http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=972>
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Steele, Katy. 2014. Palestinian-Arab Media Frames and Stereotypes of Israeli-Jews. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 5 (1), http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=972
Harvard
STEELE, K. 2014. Palestinian-Arab Media Frames and Stereotypes of Israeli-Jews. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications [Online], 5. Available: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=972
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The level of displacement surrounding the Israel-Palestinian conflict is astounding. At this point there are over nine million Palestinian refugees scattered throughout the globe (King-Irani 924,). Arguing that their situation is dehumanizing and infringes upon their human rights, Palestinians have consistently demanded the right of return as a prerequisite for peace negotiations (Tovy 40... MORE»
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a perplexing problem that weighs heavily on the world. For over seventy-five years, blood has been spilt over a piece of land about the size of New Jersey. Numerous attempts have been made to find peace in what is referred to as the Holy Land. Unfortunately, each plan has failed miserably. What is needed now is a fresh examination of the circumstances. Divergent ideas need to be brought to the table for examination... MORE»
Rimaz Kasabreh is Palestinian. Because of her Israeli-issued green identification card, she is considered a legal resident of the West Bank but an illegal immigration within nearby East Jerusalem – the historically Palestinian-controlled half of Jerusalem until its annexation from Jordan following the Six Day War in 1967.... MORE»
This ongoing dispute clearly concerns the United States, the long-term third party in peace negotiations, and a close ally of Israel. However, now more than ever European and Middle Eastern states are invested in the resolution of this conflict. The stability of Israel and the humanitarian status of the Palestinians depend upon... MORE»
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