When Jobs first introduced the iPod, he knew that one of the main public complaints of about MP3 players was their notoriously-slow music transfer times. Jobs explained: “Apple invented FireWire, and we ship FireWire on every computer we make. It's built into iPod. It's the first and only music player with FireWire. Why? Because it's fast. You can download an entire CD onto an iPod in five to ten seconds. Lets take a look at how it compares to USB. Five to ten seconds to load an entire CD with FireWire. On a USB, you’re talking five minutes. Let’s talk about one thousand songs. On iPod with FireWire it is under ten minutes, on a USB players it is five hours. Can you imagine? You get to watch it for five hours as it loads the songs. Under ten minutes with iPod. It's thirty times faster than any other MP3 player” (Gallo, 114).
The antagonist here was the sluggishly-slow syncing speeds of the USB serial port. Once again, Jobs established a need for the iPod because it's syncing-speed was blazingly-fast. While Jobs could have used highly-technical language to explain these speeds, he used real-world un-complicated statistics to show the frustrating way of life for most consumers.
In addition to being an intuitively-effective music organization software, iTunes also functions as an online media store. Initially, the iTunes store’s selection was limited to music and podcasts. As the years passed, the selection has expanded into movies, TV shows, digital song booklets and mobile applications. While iTunes as a music-management software was introduced in early-2001, the online store did not open until April 28, 2003—the same date that Jobs delivered a keynote that introduced the third-generation iPod. He laid-out his views when he remarked: “There’s no—legal—alternative that’s worth beans. Well, you say, ‘well, what about press-play and rhapsody? What about these things? Well, they’re both subscription services. You can't just go get a song and pay a little. You have to subscribe to them. And they don't even let you download all the songs. And they don't even let you put all the songs on your MP3 player. And they don't let you burn a lot of CDs. Here’s press play: If you do get some downloads, which you have to pay extra for, you can play them as long as your membership’s active. So, so, you pay to download 500 songs, and one day you decide to stop paying your subscription fee and your
entire music library goes away. Here’s Rhapsody: ‘only subscribers to the All Access subscription plan at $9.95 per month will get the ability to burn tracks, of course, for an additional fee per track. These services treat you like a criminal. And…they are subscription-based. And we think subscriptions are the wrong path” (YouTube, 2003).
Here, the antagonists to the iTunes music store were the duo of the RIAA and music subscription-based services such as Rhapsody. This 2003 keynote, coming two years after Napster was shut-down, was important because it condemned the music industry. He felt that the music industry’s protection against copyright-infringement had gone too far, as innocent consumers and music “pirates” were lumped into the same category. For Jobs, the entirety of Apple’s business was focused on developing products that users could own. He believed that the RIAA were treating every consumer as a criminal by regulating music-subscription services that were, in essence, “stealing” a consumer’s subscription music collection if they missed just one of their monthly payments.
Amongst other inconveniences, these subscription music services frowned-upon transferring this “rented” music on to MP3 players. MusicNet made this impossible at first; PressPlay was restrictive (Elliot & Simon, 175). Furthermore, since consumers did not have access to all of the five music labels in one place (as previously mentioned, MusicNet had three of the major labels, while PressPlay had two), neither of the subscription services allowed consumers to sync one another’s music on to a computer, much less an MP3 player (Elliot & Simon, 175). To Jobs, it was a soured “all-or-nothing” deal.
When observing Apple’s business strategies today, it becomes clear that this keynote in particular left an enduring legacy. It reinforced Apple’s views on how subscription-based services should be run. Subscription-based software licenses, like music-based software licenses, were paid on a monthly basis. However, even if a consumer discontinued paying for Apple’s software subscription, all of their data would still be available if they re-activated their service in the future. One fine example is an online software service introduced in January 2000 called iTools. iTools, of course, laid the groundwork for future Apple-based services, such as MobileMe and iCloud.
In response to the unreasonable demands of subscription models, consumers engaged in digital piracy—illegally downloading media without paying for it. While the RIAA’s treatment of digital music consumers as “criminals” was unjustified, the RIAA’s argument was not without merit. In 2002 alone, the RIAA’s profit fell an alarming 8.2% (Elliot & Simon, 174). The RIAA believed that making music catalogs available online made it easier for consumers to steal music, as opposed to stealing it from a physical record store (Elliot & Simon, 175). Despite Napster’s peer-to-peer closure in July 2001, other peer-to-peer networks, such as Kazaa and LimeWire, still existed during Jobs’ April 2003 keynote. However, Jobs believed that music piracy was a behavioral concern, not a technological one, as the RIAA believed (Elliot & Simon, 175-176). Jobs could empathize with consumers, since consumers could not find all five major music labels in one place (Elliot & Simon, 175). Jobs believed a solution could be found by harnessing the technology employed by illegal peer-to-peer media networks and creating a pay-to-own model. He described his thoughts: “Which brings us to acquire. Now, we acquire our music off CDs, right? You go down, buy a CD and rip it. Now, we all know, starting in 1999, there was this phenomenon called Napster. It was shut down in 2001, but it demonstrated some things for us. It demonstrated that the internet was made for music delivery. And it's offspring, uh, Kazaa, is alive and well today, distributing lots of tracks. Now, there’s a good side and a bad side to this. The good side is that it offers users near-instant gratification, at least compared to going down to the record store. And it shows that the internet was built for music delivery. The downside [to this] is that it's stealing” (YouTube, 2003).
Here, Jobs alluded to well-known failed and then-current peer-to-peer networks (Napster and Kazaa, respectively) in order to logically-assert that “the internet was built for music.” Since the peer-to-peer media networks still had operating servers, Jobs knew that the RIAA’s problems were far from over, hence allowing him to speak-out on the issue. He knew that members of the audience or, at the very least, demographic samples similar to the audience, were the cause of the problem.
It may seem surprising that he would empathize with the audience by listing-off the advantages of peer-to-peer networks. While not evident in the above passage, the full keynote cited several perceived advantages of peer-to-peer networks, including a large music selection, unlimited CD burning, syncing music to an infinite number of CD players and it's no-cost nature (Gallo, 144). However, he added coldly, “it's stealing.” Subsequently, he explained the cons of downloading illegally—unreliable downloads, unreliable quality, no music previews and no album art, stealing.
In his keynote, Jobs literally spits-out “… distributing lots of tracks.” When listening closely to the recorded version, “tracks” sounds quite similar to the rhyming “traps.” Whether or not this was intentional, Jobs could still segue into his argumentative logic—that peer-to-peer networks were not worth a consumer’s time in the long-run. With several news stories of teenagers being prosecuted by the RIAA, the ensuing PR nightmare for the RIAA resulting from did everything but endear customers to the music business (Elliot & Simon, 174). During this time, it was not uncommon to hear about teenagers being thrown in jail and/or paying enormous monetary fines.
Jobs’ solution towards the issue of subscription models and illegal downloading was to open the iTunes music store. Hilary Rosen, the head of the RIAA at the time, justified her risk in taking a chance on Apple by remarking, “Apple had such a small [3%] market share that it made [the record companies’] risk fairly low” (Elliot & Simon, 176). Steve Jobs believed that, amidst the RIAA’s negative publicity for prosecuting piracy offenders, that the RIAA could still emerge stronger than ever. However, he believed that something new had to be given a chance first. That is, since nothing stays the same in business, the only way to meet the demands of innovation is to unleash more innovation (Elliot & Simon, 174). Unlike PressPlay or MusicNet, iTunes contained all five labels, thereby minimizing the risk of digital piracy. As Stephen J. Kobrin, publisher and executive director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton Digital Press, wrote: “Jobs also had the ability to see beyond the horizon; while the music companies were focused on jailing teenagers [for illegal downloads], he developed the business model for digital music” (Wharton, 2011).
When the iPhone was unveiled in January 2007, Jobs believed that he could re-define the smartphone (Gallo, 76). In order to makes his assertion credible, Jobs had to show the limitations of current phones and show how he could solve these limitations. Prior to revealing the physical device, Jobs explained: “The problem is [that existing smartphones,] they are not so smart and they are not so easy to use. They’re really complicated. What we want to do is make a leapfrog product that is way smarter than any mobile device has ever been” (Gallo, 76).
Jobs then ran-through several visual slides in his keynotes, depicting existing smartphones as ugly, hard-to-use and bulky. He believed that physical buttons were not physically-attractive, could not serve multiple application inputs and monopolized much-needed screen space (Gallo, 65-66). What Jobs unveiled was an all-in-one device that had several features that appeared more refined than any other smartphone on the market at the time.
Besides it's stylish good-looks and ease-of-use, the iPhone owed much of it's success to it's own proprietary Apple operating system. In order to compete with Apple, Google created it's own operating system called “Android.” This operating system quickly gained popularity among many mobile phone manufacturers. Like the Microsoft Windows operating system, Google’s mobile operating system separated mobile phone manufacturers from the software developers. Like Apple’s Macintosh strategy, Apple developed both the hardware and the software in-house. The end result was that Apple had control over virtually every part of the development process.
Since there was a separation between manufacturers and software developers for most of the cell phone industry, no single company outside of Apple had control over every part of the development process. As such, Jobs exploited this fact by pointing to Android’s operating system, specifically it's ignorance towards public modesty. During the April 8, 2010 introduction for the fourth-iteration of iPhone, Jobs remarked: “There’s a porn store for Android that you can go to, and it's got nothing but porn apps for your Android phone. And you can download them, and your kids can download them, and your kids’ friends can download them on their phones. And that’s just not the place where we want to go” (Beahm, 82).
The antagonist here was Google’s Android operating system, specifically it's porn application store. Perhaps the most effective part of his remark is the characterization of Android’s porn application store as a “nuisance.” In particular, this “nuisance” would not only be bothersome to Apple, but it would be bothersome to the public as well. At this point, Jobs was speaking as a concerned member of the public, reflecting the public’s “awe” that Android would have a mobile application store dedicated to pornography.
Unlike Android, Apple’s mobile operating system has parental controls that allows parents to prevent their children from downloading media that they deem inappropriate. Furthermore, since Apple controls the entirety of it's proprietary application store, every app that is sold through the store must go through a thorough approval process by Apple. Since Apple cares about public modesty, it does not approve applications that are pornographic in nature.Continued on Next Page »
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Apple Press Info. (2003). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 25 Million Songs Over $1 Million of iTunes Gift Certificates and Allowances Purchased.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/12/15iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-25-Million-Songs.html.
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Apple Press Info. (2004). iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops One Million Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/08/10iTunes-Music-Store-Catalog-Tops-One-Million-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2004). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 50 Million Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/03/15iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-50-Million-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2004). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 100 Million Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/07/12iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-100-Million-Songs.html.
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Apple Press Info. (2004). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 200 Million Songs Give the Gift of Music This Holiday Season With iTunes. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/12/16iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-200-Million-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2004). iTunes Music Store Sells 3.3 Million Songs in One Week Users Post Over 20,000 iMixes in First Week. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/05/05iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-3-3-Million-Songs-in-One-Week.html.
Apple Press Info. (2004). Two Million iPods Sold New 15GB Model Added to iPod Family. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/01/06Over-Two-Million-iPods-Sold.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple & Mercedes-Benz Unveil iPod Integration Kit Mercedes-Benz is First Automaker to Deliver Full iPod Music Navigation. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/01/11Apple-Mercedes-Benz-Unveil-iPod-Integration-Kit.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Announces iTunes 6 With 2,000 Music Videos, Pixar Short Films & Hit TV Shows ABC’s “Desperate Housewives” & “Lost” Episodes Available for Just $1.99. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/10/12Apple-Announces-iTunes-6-With-2-000-Music-Videos-Pixar-Short-Films-Hit-TV-Shows.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Honors GRAMMY Award Winning Artists GRAMMY Award Winning Music Specially Priced on the iTunes Music Store. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/02/14Apple-Honors-GRAMMY-Award-Winning-Artists.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Introduces iPod Nano. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/09/07Apple-Introduces-iPod-nano.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Introduces iPod shuffle First iPod Under $100 MACWORLD EXPO, SAN FRANCISCO—CA.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/01/11Apple-Introduces-iPod-shuffle.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Introduces iTunes 5 iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops Two Million Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/09/07Apple-Introduces-iTunes-5.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Introduces Mac mini Most Affordable Mac Ever Starts at Just $499. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/01/11Apple-Introduces-Mac-mini.html
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Introduces the New iMac G5 Features Built-in iSight Video Camera & Breakthrough “Front Row” Media Experience. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/10/12Apple-Introduces-the-New-iMac-G5.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Unveils New iPod mini Starting at Just $199. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/02/23Apple-Unveils-New-iPod-mini-Starting-at-Just-199.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). Apple Updates iPod photo Lineup New Slim 30GB Model Starts at Just $349. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/02/23Apple-Updates-iPod-photo-Lineup.html
Apple Press Info. (2005). Coldplay’s Fix You EP to Benefit Hurricane Katrina Victims Available Exclusively on the iTunes Music Store. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/09/14Coldplays-Fix-You-EP-to-Benefit-Hurricane-Katrina-Victims-Available-Exclusively-on-the-iTunes-Music-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). iTunes Music Store Downloads Surpass 300 Million ‘Across The Universe’ Hits the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/03/02iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Surpass-300-Million.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top a Quarter Billion Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/01/24iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-a-Quarter-Billion-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top Half a Billion Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/07/18iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-Half-a-Billion-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). iTunes Music Store Sells One Million Videos in Less Than 20 Days. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/10/31iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-One-Million-Videos-in-Less-Than-20-Days.html
Apple Press Info. (2005). Japan iTunes Music Store Sells One Million Songs in First Four Days. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/08/08Japan-iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-One-Million-Songs-in-First-Four-Days.html.
Apple Press Info. (2005). NBC Universal & Apple Offer New Primetime, Cable, Late-Night & Classic TV Shows on the iTunes Music Store iTunes Music Store Video Downloads Top Three Million. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/12/06NBC-Universal-Apple-Offer-New-Primetime-Cable-Late-Night-Classic-TV-Shows-on-the-iTunes-Music-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Apple Announces iPod Nano (PRODUCT) RED Special Edition Portion of Proceeds Contributed to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/10/13Apple-Announces-iPod-nano-PRODUCT-RED-Special-Edition.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features Disney, Pixar, Touchstone & Miramax Movies Now Available on the iTunes Store.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/09/12Apple-Announces-iTunes-7-with-Amazing-New-Features.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Apple Introduces MacBook Pro MacBook Pro with Intel Core Duo Processor Up to Four Times Faster Than PowerBook G4. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/01/10Apple-Introduces-MacBook-Pro.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Apple Introduces the New iPod Hollywood Movies, Games & New Lower Price. Last modified September 12, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/09/12Apple-Introduces-the-New-iPod.html
Apple Press Info. (2006). Apple Introduces the New iPod Nano World’s Most Popular Digital Music Player Features New Aluminum Design in Five Colors & 24 Hour Battery Life.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/09/12Apple-Introduces-the-New-iPod-nano.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Columbia Records & Apple Offer Exclusive Digital Pre-Order of Bob Dylan’s New Album ‘Modern Times’ & Advance Ticket Pre-Sale for Upcoming Concert Tour Bob Dylan Digital Box Set ‘The Collection’ Available Exclusively on iTunes. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/08/08Columbia-Records-Apple-Offer-Exclusive-Digital-Pre-Order-of-Bob-Dylans-New-Album-Modern-Times-Advance-Ticket-Pre-Sale-for-Upcoming-Concert-Tour.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Apple Unveils the New iPod shuffle World’s Smallest Digital Music Player is Wearable with Innovative Clip. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/09/12Apple-Unveils-the-New-iPod-shuffle.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). iTunes Music Store Downloads Top One Billion Songs Scholarship at Juilliard School of Music to be Created. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/02/23iTunes-Music-Store-Downloads-Top-One-Billion-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2006). Nike and Apple Team Up to Launch Nike iPod Global Collaboration Brings the Worlds of Sports & Music Together Like Never Before.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/05/23Nike-and-Apple-Team-Up-to-Launch-Nike-iPod.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). 100 Million iPods Sold. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/09100-Million-iPods-Sold.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple and AT&T Announce iTunes Activation and Sync for iPhone Already Familiar to Tens of Millions of iPod Users. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/26Apple-and-AT-T-Announce-iTunes-Activation-and-Sync-for-iPhone.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple and Starbucks Announce Music Partnership Wirelessly Find and Buy Music at Starbucks. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05Apple-and-Starbucks-Announce-Music-Partnership.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Chooses Cingular as Exclusive US Carrier for Its Revolutionary iPhone. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09Apple-Chooses-Cingular-as-Exclusive-US-Carrier-for-Its-Revolutionary-iPhone.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Introduces All New iPod Nano World’s Most Popular Music Player Now Plays Video.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05Apple-Introduces-All-New-iPod-nano.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Introduces New iPod classic New 160GB Model Holds Up to 40,000 Songs.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05Apple-Introduces-New-iPod-classic.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Introduces New iPod Nano Fourth Generation iPod Nano Features Apple’s New Genius Technology. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09Apple-Introduces-New-iPod-nano.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Launches iTunes Plus Higher Quality DRM-Free Tracks Now Available on the iTunes Store Worldwide.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/30Apple-Launches-iTunes-Plus.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09Apple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Sells One Millionth iPhone. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/10Apple-Sells-One-Millionth-iPhone.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Sells Two Million Copies of Mac OS X Leopard in First Weekend. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/10/30Apple-Sells-Two-Million-Copies-of-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-in-First-Weekend.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Sets iPhone Price at $399 for this Holiday Season. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05Apple-Sets-iPhone-Price-at-399-for-this-Holiday-Season.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room Movies, TV Shows, Music & Photos on Your Big Screen TV. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09Apple-TV-Coming-to-Your-Living-Room.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Unveils Higher Quality DRM-Free Music on the iTunes Store DRM-Free Songs from EMI Available on iTunes for $1.29 in May. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/02Apple-Unveils-Higher-Quality-DRM-Free-Music-on-the-iTunes-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Unveils iPod touch Revolutionary Multi-touch Interface & Built- in Wi-Fi Wireless Networking. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05Apple-Unveils-iPod-touch.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Unveils New iMac All New Line Features Sleek Aluminum 20- and 24-inch Designs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/08/07Apple-Unveils-New-iMac.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). Apple Unveils the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store Wireless Music Downloads Directly to iPod touch & iPhone Custom Ringtone Maker Now Built into iTunes.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05Apple-Unveils-the-iTunes-Wi-Fi-Music-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). AT&T and Apple Announce Simple, Affordable Service Plans for iPhone All Plans Include Unlimited Data & Visual Voicemail. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/26AT-T-and-Apple-Announce-Simple-Affordable-Service-Plans-for-iPhone.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). iPhone Delivers Up to Eight Hours of Talk Time Now Features Durable Glass Top Surface.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/18iPhone-Delivers-Up-to-Eight-Hours-of-Talk-Time.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). iTunes Offers Exclusive Pre-Order of New Paul McCartney Album “Memory Almost Full” Complete Catalog of 25 Solo Albums Coming to iTunes This Month.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/15iTunes-Offers-Exclusive-Pre-Order-of-New-Paul-McCartney-Album-Memory-Almost-Full.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). iTunes Store Tops Three Billion Songs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/07/31iTunes-Store-Tops-Three-Billion-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007). iTunes Store Tops Two Billion Songs 50 Million TV Shows & Over 1.3 Million Movies Sold. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09iTunes-Store-Tops-Two-Billion-Songs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2007).John Lennon Solo Catalog Debuts on iTunes Store.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/08/14John-Lennon-Solo-Catalog-Debuts-on-iTunes-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Announces Major Software Upgrade for iPod touch. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15Apple-Announces-Major-SoftwareUpgrade-for-iPod-touch.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Announces Time Capsule Wireless Backup for all Your Macs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15Apple-Announces-Time-Capsule.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Enhances Revolutionary iPhone with Software Update. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15Apple-Enhances-Revolutionary-iPhone-with-Software-Update.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). Apple Introduces 17-inch MacBook Pro With Revolutionary New Built- in Battery That Delivers Eight Hours of Use & 1,000 Recharges.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/06Apple-Introduces-17-inch-MacBook-Pro-With-Revolutionary-New-Built-in-Battery-That-Delivers-Eight-Hours-of-Use-1-000-Recharges.html
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Introduces MacBook Air—The World’s Thinnest Notebook. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15Apple-Introduces-MacBook-Air-The-Worlds-Thinnest-Notebook.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Introduces MobileMe Internet Service Push Email, Push Contacts and Push Calendar for iPhone, iPod touch, Macs and PCs.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09Apple-Introduces-MobileMe-Internet-Service.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229 Rent High Definition Movies Directly from Your Widescreen TV. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15Apple-Introduces-New-Apple-TV-Software-Lowers-Price-to-229.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Introduces New iPod touch The Funnest iPod Ever—Perfect for Music, Movies & Games. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09Apple-Introduces-New-iPod-touch.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G Twice as Fast at Half the Price. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09Apple-Introduces-the-New-iPhone-3G.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Apple Sells One Million iPhone 3Gs in First Weekend. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14Apple-Sells-One-Million-iPhone-3Gs-in-First-Weekend.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). iPhone App Store Downloads Top 10 Million in First Weekend. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). iTunes Store Tops Over Five Billion Songs Sold Apple Renting & Selling Over 50,000 Movies Per Day.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/19iTunes-Store-Tops-Over-Five-Billion-Songs-Sold.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). NBC Universal Returns to the iTunes Store All-Star Lineup Includes “Heroes,” “The Office,” “Battlestar Galactica” & “30 Rock” Top Rated NBC Comedies & Dramas Now Available on iTunes in Stunning HD. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09NBC-Universal-Returns-to-the-iTunes-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). New MacBook Family Redefines Notebook Design Industry’s Greenest Notebooks. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/14New-MacBook-Family-Redefines-Notebook-Design.html.
Apple Press Info. (2008). Twentieth Century Fox & Apple Introduce iTunes Digital Copy DVDs Include Free Copy of Movie for iTunes. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15Twentieth-Century-Fox-Apple-Introduce-iTunes-Digital-Copy.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Brings FaceTime to the Mac Macs Can Video Call Over 19 Million iPhone 4 & iPod touch Users. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/10/20Apple-Brings-FaceTime-to-the-Mac.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Gives Sneak Peek of Mac OS X Lion.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/10/20Apple-Gives-Sneak-Peek-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Introduces iTunes 10 With Ping Ping Social Music Discovery Now Available to 160 Million iTunes Users in 23 Countries.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/01Apple-Introduces-iTunes-10-With-Ping.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). Apple Introduces New iPod Nano With Built-in Video Camera World’s Most Popular Music Player Now Available in Nine Brilliant Colors. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/09Apple-Introduces-New-iPod-nano-With-Built-in-Video-Camera.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). Apple’s App Store Downloads Top 1.5 Billion in First Year More Than 65,000 Apps; Over 100,000 Developers. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/07/14Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-1-5-Billion-in-First-Year.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). Apple’s App Store Downloads Top Two Billion More Than 85,000 Apps Now Available for iPhone & iPod touch. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/28Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-Two-Billion.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). Changes Coming to the iTunes Store. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/06Changes-Coming-to-the-iTunes-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). January 5, 2009 Letter from Apple CEO Steve Jobs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/05Letter-from-Apple-CEO-Steve-Jobs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2009). January 14, 2009 Apple Media Advisory. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14Apple-Media-Advisory.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Introduces New iPod touch Features Retina Display, A4 chip, FaceTime Video Calling, HD Video Recording & Game Center.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/01Apple-Introduces-New-iPod-touch.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Launches iPad Magical & Revolutionary Device at an Unbelievable Price. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/27Apple-Launches-iPad.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Premieres iTunes 9 Featuring iTunes LP, Home Sharing, Genius Mixes & Improved Syncing.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/09Apple-Premieres-iTunes-9.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Premieres New Apple TV for Breakthrough Price of $99 Rent Commercial Free HD TV Episodes for Just 99 Cents. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/01Apple-Premieres-New-Apple-TV-for-Breakthrough-Price-of-99.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Presents iPhone 4 All-New Design with FaceTime Video Calling, Retina Display, 5 Megapixel Camera & HD Video Recording Thinnest Smartphone Ever. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/06/07Apple-Presents-iPhone-4.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Previews iPhone OS 4 Includes Multitasking, Folders, iBooks, Unified Inbox & More. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/08Apple-Previews-iPhone-OS-4.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Reinvents iPod Nano With Multi-Touch Interface New Built-in Clip for Instant Wearability. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/01Apple-Reinvents-iPod-nano-With-Multi-Touch-Interface.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Reinvents Notebooks With New MacBook Air. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/10/20Apple-Reinvents-Notebooks-With-New-MacBook-Air.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Sells One Million iPads. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/05/03Apple-Sells-One-Million-iPads.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05Apple-Sells-Over-300-000-iPads-First-Day.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Sells Three Million iPads in 80 Days. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/06/22Apple-Sells-Three-Million-iPads-in-80-Days.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Sells Two Million iPads in Less Than 60 Days.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/05/31Apple-Sells-Two-Million-iPads-in-Less-Than-60-Days.html
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple to Debut iAds on July 1 Over $60 Million in 2010 Commitments from Leading Global Brands.Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/06/07Apple-to-Debut-iAds-on-July-1.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple Unveils New iPod shuffle World’s Smallest iPod for Just $49. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/01Apple-Unveils-New-iPod-shuffle.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple’s App Store Downloads Top Three Billion. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/05Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-Three-Billion.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). Apple’s iOS 4.2 Available Today for iPad, iPhone & iPod touch Major Software Update Brings Multitasking, Folders, Unified Inbox, Game Center, AirPlay & AirPrint to iPad. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/11/22Apples-iOS-4-2-Available-Today-for-iPad-iPhone-iPod-touch.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). iPad Arrives This Saturday. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/03/29iPad-Arrives-This-Saturday.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). iPad Available in US on April 3 Pre-Order on March 12. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/03/05iPad-Available-in-US-on-April-3.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). iPhone 4 Sales Top 1.7 Million. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/06/28iPhone-4-Sales-Top-1-7-Million.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). iTunes Store Tops 10 Billion Songs Sold. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/02/25iTunes-Store-Tops-10-Billion-Songs-Sold.html.
Apple Press Info. (2010). The Beatles Now on iTunes All 13 Legendary Beatles Studio Albums & Special Digital Box Set. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/11/16The-Beatles-Now-on-iTunes.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Apple Introduces iCloud Free Cloud Services Beyond Anything Offered to Date. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/06/06Apple-Introduces-iCloud.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Apple Introduces iOS 4.3 Update Includes Faster Safari Performance, iTunes Home Sharing, AirPlay Improvements & New Personal Hotspot. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/03/02Apple-Introduces-iOS-4-3.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Apple Launches iPad 2 All New Design is Thinner, Lighter & Faster with FaceTime, Smart Covers & 10 Hour Battery. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/03/02Apple-Launches-iPad-2.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Apple Launches Subscriptions on the App Store. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/02/15Apple-Launches-Subscriptions-on-the-App-Store.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Apple’s Mac App Store Opens for Business. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/01/06Apples-Mac-App-Store-Opens-for-Business.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Apple’s Mac App Store to Open on January 6. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/12/16Apples-Mac-App-Store-to-Open-on-January-6.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). August 24, 2011 Letter from Steve Jobs. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). iPad 2 Arrives in 25 More Countries This Friday Available in Hong Kong, Korea & Singapore in April. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/03/22iPad-2-Arrives-in-25-More-Countries-This-Friday.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). January 17, 2011 Apple Media Advisory. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/01/17Apple-Media-Advisory.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). Mac App Store Downloads Top One Million in First Day. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/01/07Mac-App-Store-Downloads-Top-One-Million-in-First-Day.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). New Version of iOS Includes Notification Center, iMessage, Newsstand, Twitter Integration Among 200 New Features Available to iPhone, iPad & iPod touch Users This Fall. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/06/06New-Version-of-iOS-Includes-Notification-Center-iMessage-Newsstand-Twitter-Integration-Among-200-New-Features.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). October 5, 2011 Apple Media Advisory. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/05Apple-Media-Advisory.html.
Apple Press Info. (2011). October 5, 2011 Statement by Apple’s Board of Directors. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/05Statement-by-Apples-Board-of-Directors.html.
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