Domestic Dynamics of Political Islam in the Greater Middle East: Case Studies of Jordan, Egypt, Kuwait and Turkey

Implications for Western Relations

Many political leaders simply use Islamist rhetoric to win office. Much of this rhetoric feeds off of a latent resentment towards the US due to its support of Israel and its war in Afghanistan. Some political candidates use images of “collateral damage” in Afghanistan as campaign propaganda.³² Once elected, these politicians tend not to implement Islamist policies. Instead, they pursue goals that draw them closer to the West and to the US in particular. A concrete example of this game is the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

There is no question that the biggest threat to Kuwaiti security over the years has been Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Thus, it would serve the secular political interests of Kuwait to enter into an alliance with the United States against Iraq. Kuwait had been a major player in the Iraq containment efforts of the 1990’s and prior to the invasion.³³ Yet, Kuwait’s opportunity to be free of the threat of Saddam Hussein came at a time when anti-American sentiments were high. Therefore, an alliance with the United States would have been politically unsustainable. How, then, did the government of Kuwait act in its interest while retaining its legitimacy? The solution to this dilemma was to do both. The government publicly opposed the US led invasion of Iraq. At the same time, it made available 60% of its territory to the Coalition in order to station soldiers and equipment in preparation for the invasion.³⁴

Without the specter of Saddam Hussein, the Kuwaiti regime thought that its sovereignty would be secure. But it now has to face the rising Iran. The crown has a new fear, a repeat of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. As is the case in Iraq, Kuwait is alarmed at Iran’s pull over the Shia Muslim population. Although Kuwait is a primarily Sunni country, there is concern that a sizeable portion of the population (over 25%) could become controlled by Iran.³⁵ The government of Kuwait is at an extremely perilous junction. The crown has done just enough to retain a sliver of legitimacy among the people. In addition, continued influence from Iran might serve to radicalize the Shia portion of the population, and radical Sunni groups such as al-Qaeda may also gain ground. What would ultimately follow is a destabilization of the entire political and governmental process. Such a rapid dissolution of an already weak authority would be nothing short of disastrous.

Conclusion

In each country, political Islamism has evolved as an alternative to the current governments. Islamist political parties advocate governmental reform and an increase in civil liberties which are attractive promises in light of the hardships present in each country. In Turkey, economic troubles have led to an upswing in popular support for the Islamist AKP Party. In Egypt and Kuwait, Islamist groups have gained support as a response to the government’s abuse of power, while in Jordan Islamist groups have gained power because of political liberalization, though they still act as an opposition party. In each case, Islamist parties have gained power because the people want a true change in their governments.

It remains to be seen what kind of impact this change will have on the relations between Turkey, Egypt, Kuwait and Jordan and the West. While the US and its European allies stress the benefits of democratic freedoms, it is certain that the rise of Islamist governments throughout the Middle East would be a less than welcome occurrence. In Egypt, the renewed prominence of the Muslim Brotherhood has caused consternation among Western nations that view the group as a terrorist organization, and has lead to speculation that their election could result in sanctions such as those put into place against Palestine upon the election of Hamas; in Kuwait, the specter of losing a key ally in the event of a loss of monarchical power has the US similarly concerned.

Yet the shift in power is not always seen as detrimental. In Turkey, for instance, the election of Abdullah Gül signals a renewed vigor in the fight for admittance in the European Union, while in Jordan the message of democratic reform put forth by the leading Islamist groups is met with applause by Western nations. It seems that when the desire for governance by an Islamist party is coupled with the promise to maintain practices seen as beneficial by the West, no problem is likely to arise; but if the party in question seems capable of disrupting the status quo, opposition on the part of the international community will be fierce. Whether these scenarios will play out as anticipated remains to be seen, but it is undeniable that in the face of an unstable international arena, the citizens of the Middle East are once again turning to their faith for guidance.

Authors

Amanda Rudman, Cornell University, Arts and Sciences, 2009; Kevin Schoonover, Cornell University, Arts and Sciences, 2010; Arthur Neron-Bancel, Cornell University, Agriculture, 2009; Israel Barriga, Cornell University, Arts and Sciences, 2009

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Endnotes

1. US Department of State, 2007.
2. Spindle, 2006.
3. Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007.
4. Devi, 2006.
5. Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007.
6. Ibid.
7. Economist.com, 2007.
8. Wasey, 2007.
9. Landau, 1997.
10. Tavernise and Bowley, 2007.
11. Torchia, 2007.
12. Smith, 2007.
13. Evans-Pritchard, 2004.
14. Wasey, 2007.
15. Stephens, 2006.
16. Lee, 2006.
17. Youmans, 2007.
18. Lee, 2006.
19. Amnesty International, 2007.
20. Lee, 2006.
21. Morrow, 2006.
22. Muravchick, 2006.
23. Morrow, 2006.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Youmans, 2007.
27. Amnesty International, 2007.
28. Tetreault, 2001.
29. Brown, 2007.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Tetreault, 2001.
33. Katzman, 2005.
34. Ibid.
35. Tetreault, 2001.